git diff 沒有輸出卻有修改？檢查暫存區與 HEAD 的差異

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git status --short
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git diff --name-status
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git diff --cached --name-status
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git diff HEAD --name-status

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git diff --no-index -- /dev/null 'draft notes.txt'

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set -eu
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preview_fixture_dir="$(mktemp -d)"
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git init -q -b main "$preview_fixture_dir"
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cd "$preview_fixture_dir"
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git config user.name Fixture
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git config user.email fixture@example.invalid
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printf 'baseline\n' > tracked.txt
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git add -- tracked.txt
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git -c commit.gpgsign=false commit -qm Baseline
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printf 'staged edit\n' > tracked.txt
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git add -- tracked.txt
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printf 'new content\n' > 'draft notes.txt'
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index_before="$(git write-tree)"
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git diff --quiet -- 'draft notes.txt'
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git diff --cached --quiet -- 'draft notes.txt'
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git diff HEAD --quiet -- 'draft notes.txt'
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if git diff --no-index -- /dev/null 'draft notes.txt' > "$preview_fixture_dir/preview.patch"; then
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  echo '預期新檔與空內容不同' >&2
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  exit 1
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else
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  preview_status=$?
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  test "$preview_status" -eq 1
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fi
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test "$(git write-tree)" = "$index_before"
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test "$(git show :tracked.txt)" = 'staged edit'
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if git ls-files --error-unmatch -- 'draft notes.txt' > /dev/null 2>&1; then
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  echo '預期新檔仍未追蹤' >&2
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  exit 1
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fi
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test "$(cat 'draft notes.txt')" = 'new content'
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printf 'no-index 預覽且 index 未變：%s\n' "$preview_fixture_dir"

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set -eu
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fixture_dir="$(mktemp -d)"
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git init -q -b main "$fixture_dir"
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cd "$fixture_dir"
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git config user.name Fixture
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git config user.email fixture@example.invalid
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printf 'theme=light\n' > settings.txt
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git add -- settings.txt
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git -c commit.gpgsign=false commit -qm Baseline
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printf 'theme=dark\n' > settings.txt
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git add -- settings.txt
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git diff --quiet -- settings.txt
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if git diff --cached --quiet -- settings.txt; then
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  echo '預期暫存區應有修改' >&2
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  exit 1
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else
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  test "$?" -eq 1
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fi
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printf 'theme=light\n' > settings.txt
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git diff HEAD --quiet -- settings.txt
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test "$(git status --short)" = 'MM settings.txt'
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test "$(git show :settings.txt)" = 'theme=dark'
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git -c commit.gpgsign=false commit -qm 'Commit staged content'
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test "$(git show HEAD:settings.txt)" = 'theme=dark'
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test "$(cat settings.txt)" = 'theme=light'
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test "$(git status --short)" = ' M settings.txt'
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printf '暫存快照檢查通過：%s\n' "$fixture_dir"

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git diff --cached -- settings.txt
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git show :settings.txt

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git add -- settings.txt
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git diff --cached -- settings.txt
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git status --short

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set -eu
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only_fixture_dir="$(mktemp -d)"
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git init -q -b main "$only_fixture_dir"
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cd "$only_fixture_dir"
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git config user.name Fixture
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git config user.email fixture@example.invalid
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printf 'baseline\n' > owned.txt
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printf 'baseline\n' > other.txt
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git add -- owned.txt
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git add -- other.txt
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git -c commit.gpgsign=false commit -qm Baseline
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printf 'staged\n' > owned.txt
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git add -- owned.txt
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printf 'working\n' > owned.txt
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printf 'other staged\n' > other.txt
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git add -- other.txt
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test "$(git show :owned.txt)" = staged
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git -c commit.gpgsign=false commit --only -qm 'Only owned' -- owned.txt
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test "$(git show --name-only --format= HEAD)" = owned.txt
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test "$(git show HEAD:owned.txt)" = working
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test "$(git show HEAD:other.txt)" = baseline
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test "$(git show :other.txt)" = 'other staged'
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test "$(git status --short)" = 'M  other.txt'
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printf 'only 提交範圍檢查通過：%s\n' "$only_fixture_dir"